Revitalization of the rubber in indonesia

Rubber Seed

Revitalization of the rubber plantation demands voiced by experts and stakeholders in the field of agribusiness and the national rubber industry has got a government response. In line with the agricultural revitalization program launched since 2004, the Department of Agriculture has been to revitalize the plantation from 2006.

Revitalization program includes three major commodities, namely oil palm, rubber and cocoa. According to the Directorate General of Estate Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Ahmad Mangga Barani, revitalization will require credit financing of Rp 12 trillion (about USD 24 million per hectare) with a target area of ​​539 000 hectares. Plantation area is included in the revitalization program in 2008 increased more than 7-fold compared to the year 2007 are recorded in the area of ​​68 369 ha.

The area targeted for revitalization program 2006 - 2010 is an area of ​​2 million ha. Department of Agriculture has received a proposal covering 2.3 million ha, consisting of 1.9 million ha of oil palm derived from the proposed 18 provinces, covering an area of ​​213 000 ha of rubber proposals from 11 provinces, covering an area of ​​174 000 ha of cocoa and a proposal of the 11 provinces.

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Biological threats to natural rubber production

A critical issue is the threat to natural rubber production from plant diseases, as H.brasiliensis is genetically very homogeneous: the millions of hectares of rubber plantations are all derived from a small sample of seeds collected in Brazil by Dr. Henry Wickam in 1876 (Davis, 1997). Therefore, plant diseases are an important theme, which can be illustrated by the following example. 13 In 1934, South American Leaf Blight (SALB) wiped out the production of rubber in Brazil, and it has not been possible to restart large-scale production due to the endemic leaf blight pathogen Microcyclus ulei. The present production on marginallands in Brazil, where SALB is less of a problem, is only 96,000 T/Y, or about 1% of world production.

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Rubberwood

An important side product of Hevea rubber production is rubberwood (Killmann, 2001), which was originally perceived merely as a useful by-product for drying and smoking rubber and to provide a source of charcoal for local cooking. Rubberwood can be easily steam-bent, or stained to resemble any other timber, depending on consumer demand. Its favourable qualities and light colour make it a good timber for furniture making and other applications. 

The natural colour of rubberwood is one of the principal reasons for its popularity in Japan, where it is increasingly used to replace more traditional timbers. In 1998, Malaysia exported rubberwood furniture with a value of 683.3 million U$, and in general rubberwood is one of the most successful export timbers of Southeast Asia. Hevea is sometimes being grown primarily for timber harvesting, with the latex as a co-product.

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Hevea rubber market and applications

Natural rubber is a highly valuable biomaterial: in contrast with most other biopolymers it is essential for many applications and cannot be replaced by synthetic materials. For example, heavy-duty tyres for trucks, buses, and airplanes,as well as many latex products for the medical profession, cannot be made with synthetic rubber, or only at great cost. About 10% of the latex harvested from Hevea trees is manufactured into latex products. Latex films form an excellent barrier to pathogens, including viruses: condoms and gloves provide excellent protection from infection.

This is largely due to the excellent film-forming nature of natural rubber latex. In this aspect, natural rubber latex is vastly superior to vinyl films and to most other competitive materials. Natural rubber films are also very strong and are closely fitting (tactile performance is not impaired and may even be enhanced). Gloves made from this material both protect the wearer and the object (scientific samples, objects, drugs, foodstuffs, electronic components, etc) or the person being handled. The latex harvested from the tree is concentrated by centrifuging, removing some of the water and much of the proteins, and is preserved with ammonia.

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Natural Rubber Production

The annual worldwide natural rubber production is estimated to be close to 8,800,000 tons (http://www.rubberstudy.com/statistics-quarstat.aspx), almost all of it from one biological source: the Brazilian rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand together produce nearly 80% of the world supply (Table 1).The yield of rubber varies from 500 kg ha-1 y-1 in smallholder plots to more than 1500 kg ha-1 y-1 in large plantations (Balsiger et al., 2000).

In experimental plots with new Hevea lines, yields of up to 3000 kg ha-1 y-1 have been obtained. Natural rubber from H. Brasiliensis mainly consists of cis-1,4-polyisoprene, with many minor additional components that are key to the superior properties of this material compared to all synthetic rubbers.

The rubber molecules are produced from isoprenoid precursors that are thought to be synthesised as part of the general mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway. A rubber transferase (EC 2.5.1.20) located in the cytoplasm of plant laticifer cells progressively adds isopentenyl-diphosphate moieties onto a single allylic diphosphate primer molecule to form the rubber biopolymer.

The rubber molecules accumulate in particles that are surrounded by a species-specific fatty acid monolayer and rubber particle-associated proteins. The length of the rubber molecules is one of the main determinants for the functional properties of the resulting natural rubber. For an overview of the biochemistry and mechanism of rubber biosynthesis, please consult (Cornish, 2001) and (Puskas et al., 2006).

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Rubber Plantation Management (English)

Management Rubber Plantation (Chairil Anwar) 

1.  1. Rubber Cultivation Technology 
   To build the necessary rubber plantation management and technology
   rubber cultivation which includes, the following activities:
   • Terms grow rubber plants
   • Clone-clone rubber recommendation
   • Planting materials / seeds
   • The pre-planting and planting
   • Maintenance of crop: weed control, fertilizing and
   disease control
   • Tapping / harvest
   
   Basically the rubber plant requirements against the need to support the growth of climatic conditions and soil conditions as the growth media.
    Climate
   Areas suitable for rubber is in the zone between 150 South Latitude 150 North latitude. Outside the recommended location, the growth of rubber plants is not optimal.

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MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF LATEX GLOVES

Making latex exam gloves is a multi-stage process to ensure quality, medical-grade gloves are produced. The quality of gloves will differ based on how the factories treat each manufacturing stage. The following pages illustrate what these stages are to make exam gloves from gathering the raw materials to making the final inspection.

Making latex exam gloves start from collecting the raw material needed which is natural rubber. After workers tap the rubber trees for latex sap, the materials are sent to the glove factories where they will be combined according to the glove specifications. At the glove factories, exam glove formers go through stages of dipping, powdering, rinsing, and drying until latex gloves are made. For detailed process, click the following to observe the different phases of manufacturing latex exam gloves.

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History of Synthetic Rubber (English)

Source:http://www.iisrp.com/WebPolymers/00Rubber_Intro.pdf

Synthetic Rubber The importance of the rubber industry ever since it first appeared and the decisive role that it has played in the development of modern civilization prompted much interest in discovering its chemical composition in order to synthesize this product. Through these research projects, the tire industry saw the possibility of breaking away from the grip of the world's natural rubber plantations.

The drop in natural rubber production in Brazil coincided with World War I (1914-1918), triggering the need for lower-cost products with steadier supplies in order to manufacture tires. The pressures imposed by the conquest of the plantations of Asia by the Japanese prompted the development of a rubber that was able to meet the extraordinarily high demands of the troops at that time, although its structure differed somewhat from its natural counterpart.

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High global prices to push natural rubber exports

The natural rubber (NR) market is set to take a U-turn, with India, a net importer till now, likely to increase its exports, since global prices are ruling higher than domestic prices for some weeks.

The market here quoted Rs 190a kg for RSS-4 grade on Wednesday, while in Bangkok spot trade it was quoted at Rs 202 a kg. A couple of weeks before, the domestic price was higher by Rs 14-16 a kg than the international tags. This change may trigger a rise in export from India. Analysts also say if lower domestic prices prevail for a longer period, India may be an attractive centre for importing nations.

The Thai government’s decision to intervene in the market to bail out growers had triggered a spurt in international prices.

In January, the Thai government decided to procure 200,000 tonnes of rubber to arrest a fall in prices. The government plans to spend $535 million for market intervention to boost prices.

On January 24, the Cabinet granted 15 billion bahts at zero interest to rubber cooperatives and the Rubber Estate Organisation for market intervention operations.

The money is for purchasing RSS-3 grade sheet rubber with an aim of pushing prices up to 120 baht a kg, after keeping 200,000 tonnes of stock. Thai NR prices have since advanced to their highest level in 12 weeks.

According to experts here, this is the major factor behind the sharp increase in global prices. According to N Radhakrishnan, former president, the Cochin Rubber Merchants Association, Chinese buying was earlier expected to decrease thanks to the lower economic growth there. This caused a fall in prices, as excess production was estimated for this year. According to the latest forecasts, Chinese consumption is likely to go up and there might not be a glut in the NR market. This also supported the recent rise in prices.

The Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries projects only a marginal growth of 0.3 per cent in production for January-March of 2012. So, most of the physical factors governing the global mart favour a rally in prices in the quarter.

A whopping 320 per cent increase was recorded in rubber exports during April-December period of the current financial year. A total of 22,472 tonnes were shipped in the period, as against 7,293 tonnes in the same period last year.

There has been a slowdown in import, as only 133,693 tonnes were brought in compared to 166,463 tonnes last year.

In April-December, 717,485 tonnes were consumed domestically, as against 708,705 tonnes in the same period last year. Total production in the nine-month period was 679,100 tonnes, as against 651,150 tonnes earlier.

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Management Disease on Rubber Plants

Mushroom Parasite called Rigidoporus Microporus

The disease can be spotted on the white mushroom around the roots. The leaves of the rubber plant will be turning yellowish pale with curly leaves. More leaves will be fall and the branches are dying. Sometimes the mushroom parasite color is yellowish during early stage. During later stage, the root will be rotten and can be contagious. Therefore early management is urgent and crucial with 80% success rate. Usually this disease commonly be found in 1-5 years old rubber plant. Recommended disease management:

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BRIEF HISTORY & INTRODUCTION OF RUBBER

Rubber was known to the indigenous peoples of the Americas long before the arrival of European explorers. In 1525, Padre d'Anghieria reported that he had seen Mexican tribespeople playing with elastic balls. The first scientific study of rubber was undertaken by Charles de la Condamine, when he encountered it during his trip to Peru in 1735. A French engineer that Condamine met in Guiana, Fresnau studied rubber on its home ground, reaching the conclusion that this was nothing more than a "type of condensed resinous oil".

The first use for rubber was an eraser. It was Magellan, a descendent of the famous Portuguese navigator, who suggested this use. In England, Priestley popularized it to the extent that it became known as India Rubber. The word for rubber in Portuguese - borracha - originated from one of the first applications for this product, when it was used to make jars replacing the leather borrachas that the Portuguese used to ship wine.

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Rubber under pressure on higher inventories in Japan

Higher natural rubber inventories in Japan is likely to put pressure over the price of the commodity in Tokyo commodity and Derivative Exchange (TOCOM) even though production concerns persist in Thailand.

According to reports, the natural rubber inventories in Japan, one of the major consumer of natural rubber, reached to the highest in 5 years which is likely to affect the price of the commodity.

On Monday, In TOCOM, the rubber futures for October delivery traded as low as 299.9 yens as the elections in Greece and France revived investor concerns that Europe's debt problems could hurt demand.

But the prices are likely to move up as the production concerns in Thailand, one of the largest producer of natural rubber, still persists even though the Wintering is about to end.

In TOCOM, the rubber futures for October delivery traded at 304.7 yen per Kg on Tuesday.

And in India's National Multi Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NMCE), the commodity traded at Rs 19164 per ton on 8th May at 12:15 IST.

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GAPKINDO ASOSIATON

Gabungan Perusahaan Karet Indonesia (Gapkindo) or the Rubber Association of Indonesia is an association of Indonesian enterprises dealing in rubber.The objective of Gapkindo is to develop and improve production, processing and marketing of Indonesian natural rubber as one of the important export products of Indonesia.

 Members of Gapkindo comprise of rubber plantations (state-owned, private-national as well as foreign-capital), processors, exporters, traders (brokers, dealers) and buyer representative.  As of June 2009 total membership counts to 161 companies.

Gapkindo organization consists of a Governing Board in the Jakarta Secretariat and Branches in each rubber producing province, namely North Sumatera (including Aceh), West Sumatera, Riau, Jambi, South Sumatera, Lampung,Bengkulu, West Kalimantan, South/Central Kalimantan, and Java,

Gapkindo was founded in Jakarta on May 25, 1971 during the peak of movement to establish production of technically specified rubber in Indonesia, which is presently well-known as Standard Indonesian Rubber (SIR).  At first, the name of the association was Persatuan Pengusaha Karet Spesifikasi Teknis Indonesia (PPKSTI) or the Indonesian Association of Technically Specified Rubber Producers.  This was later changed to Gapkindo, hence The Rubber Association of Indonesia to include also producers of others types of natural rubber, traders and buyer representatives.

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An Introduction to Rubber Technology

Andrew Ciesielski

Rapra Technology Limited

Preface

This book is written as an introduction to the subject of rubber technology, leaving the in depth specialization to other texts. “Introduction to Rubber Technology” is aimed at those people who simply wish to gain a basic overall understanding of this field. Thus the purchasing agent, engineer, polymer chemist, student of rubber technology, shop floor manager, and indeed the president and upper management, involved in the industry will want to read this book. Customers who use rubber in their products can obtain an understanding of those technical aspects with which they are unfamiliar from this book. A knowledge of the content of the eight chapters will also provide the reader with a communication tool for discussing the subject with a rubber specialist.

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RUBBER AND ARTICLES THERE OF Notes.

CHAPTER 40

RUBBER AND ARTICLES THERE OF Notes.

1.-Except where the context otherwise requires, throughout the Nomenclature the expression " rubber " means the

following products, whether or not vulcanised or hard : natural rubber, balata, gutta-percha, guayule, chicle and

similar natural gums, synthetic rubber, factice derived from oils, and such substances reclaimed.

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RUBBER ARTICLES, TUBINGS AND CONNECTORS

RUBBER ARTICLES, TUBINGSAND CONNECTORS

RUBBER ARTICLES, TUBINGS, CONNECTORS 0209
13100 Silicone adapter,
15/22mm
13101 Silicone adapter,
22/22mm
52012 ISO 22mm female cone/
22mm tube nipple
52013 ISO 22mm male cone/
20mm tube nipple
52017 ISO 22mm male/female
cone, angled
13919 ISO 30mm male cone/
22mm tube nipple
13920 ISO 30mm female cone/
22mm tube nipple
12955 Dameca Y-piece with
90O angle, black,
antistatic, ISO
12952 Dameca Y-piece with
90O angle, white, ISO

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SIGNIFICANCE OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

Teacher’s Sourcebook VHSE • Rubber Technology
SIGNIFICANCE OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

The ultimate aim of education is human refinement. Education should nable he learner to formulate a positive outlook towards life and to accept a stand which suits the well being of the society and the individual as well. The attitude and potential to work has determined the destiny, progress and cultural development of the human race. As we all are aware, the objective of education is to form a society and individuals having a positive work culture. The educational process expected in and outside our formal schools should concentrate upon inculcating concepts, abilities, attitudes and values in tune with these work culture. Hence vocationalised education cannot be isolated from the main stream of education. In another sense, every educational process should be vocationalised. However due to our inability to utilize the resources wisely, scarcity of job opportunities is a severe issue of the present society. For overcoming this deep crisis, emergent techniques have to be sorted out and appropriate researches have to be seriously carried out. It is in the sense that the content and methodology of Vocational Higher Secondary Education have to be approached. The need for meaningful linkages between the world of work and world of education is well recognized. The essence of the recommendations made by various commissions and committees is that the vocationalisation should be the main feature of the future system of education at the higher secondary stage, it can be extended to school level also. Vocational education is a system of education which intends to prepare students for identified occupations , Spanning several areas of activities. The Vocational Higher Secondary course was envisaged as a part of the National Policy on Education with the noble idea of securing a job along with education. The relevance of vocational education is very great in this age of unemployment. This education system, which ensures a job along with higher education stands aloof from other systems of education. This education imparts the life skills required by the youth to enter the world of work and

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